Live Nepal Election 2074 Result: Federal and State Parliament

Economics: Execution of economic policy reform to leverage Economic Growth in Nepal

The advent of federalism in Nepal has planted a new seed of hope for political stability, good governance and sustainable economic  growth among Nepalis. In this scenario, following 3 sectors need urge to reform for proper execution of economic policy with the help of economic liberalization in order to leverage Nepal’s economic growth.

A. Reform in private sector:

Privatization is the major instrument to institutionalization of economic liberalization. The central government has to play an important role as regulator and facilitator by lessening restrictions and fostering privatization. Moreover, the following key points should concern and seek for way forward by all stakeholders for private sector reform.

• Privatization Act 2050 was introduced to improve socio-economic conditions and the financial position of the government. But in fact, the act was more focused on improving the performance of the public enterprise sector rather than private sector.
• Government plunged into open and liberalized economy for development of private sector. However, instead of better exploitation of these facilities, private sector interested in creating market monopolies with the help of cartels and syndicates such as sectors like transportation and education. So, the government should strictly enforce Acts such as the Competition Promotion and Market Protection Act, 2063 and Consumer Promotion Act, 1997 to protect the rights of consumers by controlling monopolies and restrictive trade practices.
• Ideal privatization is the key factor to reform in private sector.

B. Reform in trade sector:

World Bank’s Doing Business 2017 report ranked Nepal at 107. The report highlights the huge prospects of growing entrepreneurship and ease of doing business in Nepal. In this perspective, following key points might be helpful to reform in trade sector.

• Newly formed Federal States should promote domestic industries by prioritizing domestic and foreign investments.
• Assess the effect of Goods and Service Tax (GST) imposed by Indian Government and plan to mitigate it’s adverse effect on Nepal’s trade.
• Fully implement Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) at Nepal’s Customs Office to speed up clearance process of goods and prevent smuggling.
• Proper implementation of Special Economic Zones Act for export promotion

C. Reform in financial sector:

The financial system is considered the brain of an economy. Financial liberalization helps improve the financial system by increasing the availability of funds, risk diversification and increasing investments. Here are key points regarding reform in financial sector.

• Implement ICT for real-time information as well as shifting towards digital economy. IT systems such as e-governance, e-commerce, e-trade should develop rapidly to thrive in the global digital economy.
• FDI inflows are increasing in recent days – from $55.8 million in FY2016 to $127.5 million in FY2017. Similarly, Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) worth $500 million foreign grant was just signed between the USA and Nepal on September 14, 2017 and so on. Hence, maximum utilization of grants helps Nepal to reform financial sector.

Conclusion

Not only these, Nepal can get advantage from global initiatives such as Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement for infrastructure development, promote trade and tourism and other sector’s development. Moreover, the government should primarily focus on the execution of economic policy reforms to leverage economic growth and promote sustainable economic development.

PSC: Define women participation in Development and state its status in Nepal.

Definition of Development :

“implies movement from one level to another, usually with some increase in size, number, or quality of some sort.”

(Source: http://www.oecd.org/site/progresskorea/46750426.pdf)

Women Participation in Development

Women Participation in Development can be explained by two parts:

A) Women Development

In this part, following things can be done:

·         Increase knowledge, skills and capacity building of women

·         Provide opportunities to make them self-dependent

·         Develop leadership capacity of women

·         Women empowerment, strengthening and mainstreaming

·         Boosting up identity, accessibility and representation of women

·         Enhance women’s accessibility on sectors like as education, health, employment etc.

·         End of discrimination

B) Women Participation in Development

·         Utilization of women’s knowledge, skills and capacity in development process

·         Increase women participation from the level of policy formulation to implementation

·         Rising up the contribution of women on development

·         Engaging women in national building

Nepal was identified as a male dominant country in past. So, women were taken as a means of tool. After announcement of World Human Right Manifesto, 1948 (From WID to GAD), Beijing and Mexico Summit and the long struggle and sacrifice of feminist has helped to establish the women related assembly, seminar and manifesto.

Women In Development

·         Focuses on modernization and economic development

•        Reasons for lack of participation

–        Social roles of women

–        Colonialism

–        Lack of education

–        No acknowledgement of women’s dual roles in society

·          Strategies for inclusion

–        Income generating projects

–        Government Departments for women

Women And Development

•        • Marxist view: labor focus

•        • Women always part of development

•        • Capitalism reinforces gender imbalances

•        • Problem: roles are not acknowledged

•        • Strategies:

–        Establishment international organizations

Gender And Development

•         Inclusion of MEN in discourse

•         Reject current indicators of key development

•         “does child rearing have a direct monetary value?”

•         Strategies

–        Empowerment through legislation

–        Grow women’s organizations

As following the worldwide trend, Nepal had included WID in 6^th Periodic Development Plan. That’s why every plan is being modified to address policy and laws against women discrimination to emphasis women rights. For instance, Nepal stated to improve strategically and legally via various programs such as equal rights on property, guarantee of employment, laws against sexual violence and women trafficking, proportional representation, reservation and positive discrimination, gender responsive budget, accessibility of women in education and  health, skill and employment generating programs, President Women Upgradation Program etc.

In this sense, the credit of increasing practice of conservation of women rights and growing participation of women in development goes to the concept of women in development (WID).

Trade: NEPAL - COMPANY PERSPECTIVES (An ITC Series on Non-Tariff Measures)

Nepal: Company Perspectives study has just launched in October 2017. This is based on a large-scale survey of Nepalese exporters, producers and logistics service providers. It highlights the major regulatory and procedural obstacles to trade encountered by the Nepalese business community. Here is given the Executive Summary and you can download full report below.

Executive summary

One in two exporters face difficulties with NTMs

Half of Nepalese exporters face difficulties with various regulations applied either by Nepal or partner countries.

There are large variations in the affectedness rate across different products and sectors. While 42% of exporters from manufacturing sector are affected, the rate is over 77% among agricultural exporters.

Exporters of fresh and processed food products are very affected. These products are the most regulated for reasons of public health, making this sector highly sensitive and protected by both tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs). In contrast, affected rate among garment and textile exporters is relatively low (35%) compared to exporters of other sectors.

Most burdensome NTMs are associated with foreign regulations

Partner countries apply the majority (78%) of NTM-related obstacles for exporters. Around one in five NTM cases related to exports are applied by Nepal.

More than one-third of difficulties relate to regulations of the EU-28 countries, most of which when exporting to Germany and France. Difficulties with EU regulations are well documented in ITC survey in other countries. Exporters from developing countries find EU regulations, in particular, the SPS and quality requirements, too difficult to comply with and the accompanying conformity assessment procedures too strict. Asian countries apply 23% of the burdensome NTM cases, followed by 19% by the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries and 23% by rest of the world.

At the individual partner country level, the largest number of difficult NTM cases are Indian regulations or procedures that account for 18% of the burdensome NTM cases. This comprises most of the difficulties faced in the SAARC region (19%). Among other partners, 10% of the difficult NTM cases are United States and Japanese regulations each, while 6% relate to Chinese and Australian regulations, each.

Technical (SPS/TBT) regulations are burdensome

Two-thirds of burdensome NTM cases for Nepalese exporters are technical measures. Technical measures include technical requirements, which are product specifications for exported products including sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, as well as conformity assessment procedures such as certification that provide proof of compliance with underlying technical requirements. Exporters face more problems proving compliance with regulations than with the regulations itself.

Among technical requirements, regulations on maximum residues limits of contamination by certain substances, fumigation requirements, and prohibition or restriction on SPS/TBT grounds are main concerns.

On conformity assessment related NTMs, difficulties related to product certification and testing requirements make up the bulk of the difficulties, followed by quarantine requirements.

Other issues such as rules of origin, pre-shipment and border clearance procedures of partner countries, and quantitative restrictions are comparatively minor compared to the difficulties related to

SPS/TBT technical requirements.

Majority of the export related measures, i.e. Nepalese regulation and procedures on export, is related to export inspection and border clearance procedures or formalities.

Procedural Obstacles are a major concern

The NTM survey methodology identifies both the measures that are burdensome to the exporters and the reasons they are burdensome. Often exporters face difficulties with a given regulation not only because it is too strict and complex but also (and at times solely) because of the related procedural obstacles (POs). While NTMs are official regulations implemented by competent authorities in the exporting or importing country that traders must comply with, POs are hindrances from the manner the regulation is applied or implemented.

Only 13% of problems faced by Nepalese exporters are due to regulations being too strict or difficult to comply with. In contrast, 73% of NTMs are difficult due to various procedural obstacles, most of which occur in Nepal itself. In the remaining 14% of NTM cases, both the measure and the related procedural obstacles are problematic.

Almost two-thirds of the POs occur in Nepal. Procedural obstacles hindering exports in Nepal relate mostly to unavailability of testing and certification facilities and test results from Nepal not being accepted in partner countries.

POs related to high fees and charges to obtain required certification or testing occur in foreign countries. This issue is related to the lack of appropriate facilities for testing and certification in Nepal that leads to exporters having to send their products to other countries for testing. The fees for such services in foreign countries are expensive.

Informal payments and slow procedures to get the necessary paper work issued, clear shipment or expedite the process are other commonly reported POs.

Lack of accredited testing and certifying agencies is a major hurdle

More than half of reported burdensome NTMs are conformity assessment requirements. Factors such as lack of clearly defined responsibilities among public agencies, limited capacity to oversee responsibilities and delays in implementation have contributed to various problems of compliances.

Among conformity assessment-related concerns include Nepalese laboratories not being able to do the necessary testing and issue the required certificates. There are concerns that certificates issued by Nepalese public institutions are not recognized internationally. This has led exporters to use laboratories in other countries such as India, Australia, United States and China, which contribute to increased processing time and higher costs.

Burdensome Nepalese NTM regulations include inspections and advance payment requirement

Nepalese regulations on exports make up almost one-quarter of burdensome NTM cases. These include measures on export inspections, certification requirements, advance payment requirements, and import tax on return goods.

Exporters of paintings and thankas, processed wool, hand-carved wooden products, metal statues, mane stone carving, mandala, and hand-made carpets need certificate from the Archaeology Department to prove that their products are of any historical, religious or cultural significance. Companies find the process of obtaining these certifications difficult because of slow processing, officials asking for informal payment, frequent changes of officials and t arbitrary behaviour.

Exporters, especially of manufactured products, find Nepalese regulation requiring advance payment of goods prior to shipment a hindrance. Many foreign buyers are not willing to pay the full amount before the delivery of goods. As a result exporters are losing business. In addition, very strict implementation of this measure by Nepal customs affects exporters.

Exporters complain that they have to pay duties on re-import of their products, usually when they are not accepted by foreign buyers.

Facilities at Nepal Customs is not sufficient but is improving

While many logistics companies are not satisfied with automation system at Nepal Customs most indicate that they have experienced improved conditions in customs clearance mechanism and electronic or computerized procedures in the last five years.

Around half of companies express dissatisfaction with risk management systems, warehousing facilities and safety of cargo at the customs point. Lack of proper warehouse and cold storage facilities at major border points is a problem. Though there has been significant increase in the volume of cargo over the years, existing infrastructures at both Nepali and Indian customs are ill equipped to deal with the rising volume of both import and exports.

Proper equipment to handle cargos is in short supply at custom points. Essential equipment like forklifts, cranes, containers to unload and offload the goods usually have to be hired from private operators with high cost because customs offices and airports lack such facilities. There is a need to increase warehousing space and improve the management system together with necessary equipment such as forklifts and cranes for heavy lifting.

Traders say customs systems and practices are obsolete and major reforms are needed. The customs clearance process takes too long, due to reasons such as shortage of human resources, lack of automation and corruption.

Companies face difficulties on transit and cross-border trade with India

Exporters and logistics service providers face difficulties in India when exporting or transiting. Among exporters key concerns relate to Indian authorities not accepting product test results conducted in Nepal, requiring testing to be done in Kolkata, arbitrary decisions of customs officers, slow clearance processes and demand for bribes.

Many companies perceive risks associated with high cost in the port in India and feel that the port operation in Kolkata is not efficient. High cost of land transportation in India is perceived as risky. Road conditions between Kolkata and Nepal are poor.

There are restrictions on Nepalese trucks transporting goods in India. Consignments have to be offloaded and re-loaded into Indian transport carriers at the border point. Due to obstruction in movement of vehicles, importers have been compelled to pay high detention charges to the port and shipping liners.

Many producers rely on middle-men for exports due to lack of information on market access

Nepalese producers of tea, ginger, cardamom, coffee and, handmade paper highlighted that lack of proper information on plant diseases, use of proper fertilizers and pesticides, and lack of appropriate equipment for further processing of products are hindering productions. Frequent power cuts are affecting irrigation during the dry season, while most producers face shortage of labours due to increase in labour migration to foreign countries.

Many producers are not able to export their products directly and have to rely on middlemen, either Nepalese or Indian, for exports. They do not have adequate information on the market conditions or prices and usually have to rely on what is offered by the middlemen. Lack of proper information on quality assurance and value addition, necessary processes and requirements to export are some reason Nepalese producers are not able to access export markets.

The way forward

Several interventions are necessary to alleviate the difficulties of exporters and for export development.

The Government of Nepal is aware of the challenges ahead and has taken many steps to facilitate trade. Nepal has recently ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and the Revised Kyoto Convention. The government’s customs reform and modernization plan is on-going. Automation at the Customs through the implementation of Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) and development of single window will benefit Nepalese traders. Completion of these works and the training of the private sector to best make use of these facilities must be ensured.

Facilities at Customs, including warehouse and equipment, which are currently insufficient should be upgraded.

Dialogues with India should be engaged to avoid arbitrary and inconsistent implementation of trade rules that have heavily affected Nepalese traders.

Diversifying the economy and broadening the export base towards high growth sectors is critical for future development and poverty alleviation.

Improving quality infrastructure and enforcing quality compliance are key to Nepal’s export development. It is necessary to review the current SPS-related control systems and strengthen existing laboratories.

Trade transparency should be enhanced through the national trade information portal. Integrating new modules such as trade obstacle alert mechanism, the WTO notification system, and business guides on exports, regulations on foreign regulations will benefit the Nepalese business community.

Survey implementation

The results presented in this report are based on a business survey implemented by the International Trade Centre (ITC), in collaboration with the Ministry of Commerce (MoC) of Nepal. It assess the Nepalese business community’s perspectives on non-tariff measures (NTMs), provides a better understanding of the trade obstacles experienced by Nepalese companies and identifies potential bottlenecks related to trade procedures and cross-border operations. The survey took place between March and September 2016.

ITC interviewed 577 Nepalese enterprises which include over 500 active exporters and importers. A further 34 non-exporting producers - either formally registered or informal farmers – of strategically important Nepali products – tea, coffee, large cardamom, ginger and handmade paper – were also interviewed to understand the production, supply and other constraints in addition to market access issues they are facing, and to understand why they are not export ready. These producers have not been able to export their products directly for a variety of reasons.

The survey also covered 42 freight forwarders – Cargo and Logistics Companies (CLCs). Close to half of all companies interviewed relied on the services of CLCs for their export/import processing. Given the important role CLCs play in Nepalese trade, interviews with these companies were important. The objective was to get CLCs’ inputs on difficult border clearance procedures, transit issues, available customs and transportation infrastructure, and their views on the export preparedness of Nepalese exporters.

Stakeholder consultations

As part of the survey the study team visited nine customs points in various parts of the country and held discussions with customs officers to get latest information on the operation of the customs points, constraints they face and their perception of Nepalese traders. In addition, bilateral consultations were held with various public agencies, business associations and technical experts.

ITC and MoC jointly organized three stakeholder meeting in Kathmandu in March, July and September 2016 to update stakeholders on the progress of the survey project, present the survey results and initiate discussion on necessary actions to alleviate the problems due to NTMs. Recommendations presented in this report are based on consultations with relevant stakeholders and experts.

Download Nepal: Company Perspectives (An ITC Series on Non-Tariff Measures)

Constitution 2072 of Nepal

नेपालको संविधान (२०७२)

नेपालको स‌ंविधान २०७२ (Constitution of Nepal 2072) can download from below:-

Constitution of Nepal 2072

नेपालको स‌ंविधान २०७२ 

Research Paper: A case study of the current physical situation of Personnel Training Academy

This research paper has been written on the title "A case study of the current Physical Status of Personnel Training Academy". This academy is one the leading academy for training to the Nepal Government's Non-Gazetted Officials, which has located in Jawalakhel, Lagankhel of Nepal.

The paper has been written during 30 working days training program of Nepal Government Gazetted Officers to fulfill there training course's team based report writing section.

The executive summary is as below:

For full report download below

or

Click on the link below:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8judw0LnhDha2E4ay1GTW9JMEE/view

English: How to write strong and effective Thesis Statements?

After gathering information, begin to consider the limits of the topic and begin to develop a thesis statement. A clear thesis statement narrows the focus of the writing, since it specifies certain limits to the topic.

Thesis Statement = Topic + limiting statement

E.g. Living in New York provides cultural, educational and professional opportunities which can be found in few other places.

Download Thesis Statement

A good thesis statement avoids overly general topics that could never be adequately discussed in an essay or research paper and avoids stating the obvious, or repeating what is well known or insignificant. In short, a good thesis statement provides an interesting and specific statement about a particular subject.

Here are a few points to remember about the thesis statement.

1. The thesis statement should be expressed in a complete sentence.

Since the thesis statement is the main statement for the entire essay, it should express a complete thought; therefore, it should be expressed in a complete sentence. And since it makes a statement, it should not be, written as a question.

Not a thesis statement:

My fear of the dark.

Thesis statement:

My fear of the dark has made my life miserable.

2. A thesis statement expresses an opinion, attitude, or idea; it does not simply announce the topic the essay will develop.

Not a thesis statement:

I am going to discuss the effects of radiation.

Thesis statement:

The effects of radiation are often unpredictable.

3. A thesis statement should express an opinion; it should not express a fact. Since the thesis statement expresses an attitude, opinion, or idea about a topic, the thesis statement is really a statement that someone could disagree with. The thesis statement, therefore, is a statement that needs to be explained or proved.

Not a thesis statement:

Cows produce milk.

Thesis statement:

The milk cows produce is not always fit for human consumption.

Not a thesis statement:

There are many advantages and disadvantages to going to college. (Not an arguable point)

Thesis statement:

The advantages to going to college far outweigh the disadvantages.

4. A thesis statement should express only one idea toward one topic; if a thesis statement contains two or more ideas, the essay runs the risk of lacking unity and coherence.

Not a thesis statement:

Going to college in the Midwest can be fun, and I have found that living in a suburb of a large city is the best way to live while at college.

Thesis statement:

Going to college in the Midwest can be fun.

Research Paper: Increasing organization/office effectiveness by implementing Office Automation System

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Filmora Video Editor 6.0.3

Filmora is an all-in-one home video editor that has powerful functionality and a fully stacked feature set. Filmora is a solid app that gives you the features and styles that have been previously only available to professional film makers that have a certain level of experience and the expensive applications to match.

Filmora has a simple drag and drop interface, which gives you the freedom to be artistic with the story that you want to create.

Start Download Today

Key features:

• Text and titles: support for animated text.
• Music library: support for adding your music tracks.
• Overlays and filters: specifically designed filters and overlays to give your a professional finish.
• Elements: Still and motion graphic support.
• Unique visual effects: you can incorporate over 100 visual effects.
• Speed control: Slow motion and time lapse support.

Overall, Filmora is a great app that has powerful features coupled with an easy to operate user interface. The design is fresh, modern and is a joy to use. If you recognize the framework and setup of Filmora it is because it is from the developers who brought you Wondershare Video Editor.

Please note, in the trial version of the app, the functionally is the same as the paid version except there is a watermark in your output files.

Download

filmora_setup_full846.exe

Instruction

For installation process contact me at email: cdcsit400[at]gmail[dot]com

Computer Security: Havij 1.15 Advanced SQL Injection Tool

Havij is an automated SQL Injection tool that helps penetration testers to find and exploit SQL Injection vulnerabilities on a web page.

It can take advantage of a vulnerable web application. By using this software user can perform back-end database fingerprint, retrieve DBMS users and password hashes, dump tables and columns, fetching data from the database, running SQL statements and even accessing the underlying file system and executing commands on the operating system.

The power of Havij that makes it different from similar tools is its injection methods. The success rate is more than 95% at injecting vulnerable targets using Havij.

The user friendly GUI (Graphical User Interface) of Havij and automated settings and detections makes it easy to use for everyone even amateur users.

Download Free Havij 1.15 Advanced SQL Injection Tool

New Features

•    HTTPS support
•     Add MSSQL Blind
•     MSAccess more Blind (commercial version only)
•     PostgreSQL added (only commercial version)
•     Check for more updates.
•     User manual query with additional results. (Only the commercial version)
•     First line on the first request (all in one request), plus (commercial version only)
•     Dumping the data to a file is added (only commercial version)
•     Data stored in XML format added (only commercial version)
•     Inject the target with an increase in port (the default http port is 80) (only commercial version)
•     XSS bug in saved reports fixed.
•     Remove log added.
•     Apply button is added to the set makes it possible to change the settings at any time (only commercial version)         
•     Keyword testing and repair methods are added.
•     Find a sequence of computed columns and optimized for better injection and database to  detect.
•     Find the number of columns and column wires for the better.
•     “414 Request URI too long” error fixed.
•     New method to get the table and column in MSSQL further.
•     An in MSAccess injection when syntax errors are fixed manually defined.
•     Active XP_Exec add cmdshell (only commercial version)
•     Active OS_Ex add cmdshell (only commercial version)
•     Remote desktop-Enable added to cmdshell (only commercial version)
•     Confusing MySQL, MSSQL 2005, when they found that the number of fixed column.
•     Broken MD5-cracker site removed.
•     Bug in MSSQL error detection is not fixed.
•     An error in the error column MSSQL is not fixed.
•     Bug in injecting into access database fixed.
•     Bug fixed in the data in MSSQL.
•     Find an error in mssql fixed.
•     Bug in detecting database type when the number of fixed columns.
•     Bug in MSSQL error syntactic fixed and executation manually.

Download Free Havij 1.15 Advanced SQL Injection Tool

Instruction

For installation process contact me at email: cdcsit400[at]gmail[dot]com

Professional Engish Writing and Communication: How can English Writing and Communication skills improve?

Professional Writing and Communication by using 5 C's of Writing

All your written communication should not only be effective in content, but should also present a positive image of you. The image should "say" that you organize logically and you communicate clearly, correctly, completely, concisely and courteously. One should never forget that written communication is permanent: what you write can be kept on file and referred to for many years.

Start Improve Today

The "5 C's" of writing are as follows:

Clear:

Every sentence should be crystal clear.

Correct:

Every word should be spelled correctly and chosen for appropriateness.

Complete:

Every letter, report, or memo should be complete.

Concise:

Every message should be stated in the fewest words possible.

Courteous:

Every statement should be tactful and courteous

Microeconomics (2068Q4) What are the push and pull factors behind individual decision of poor Nepali worker's to go to foreign countries for employment?

Why Nepalese workers go for foreign employment? Reasons:

1.     Unemployment

2.     Poverty

3.     Political instability and conflict

4.     To pay back loans

5.     Desire to earn money

6.     To become self-reliant

7.     Desire to see new places

8.     To learn something new

9.     To fulfill family expectations

Pushing Factors

There are a lot of factors that compel the Nepalese workers to go foreign countries for employment. Some major pushing factors are as follows:-

1.     Wage rate / low pay

2.     Job availability / No guarantee

3.     Family expenses

4.     Favoritism

5.     Local agents

6. Insecurity

People who wants to work in home land they are suffering from insecurity of business and themselves too. Fearfulness of  demand of donation by political parties, unions and other groups has made difficult to work. The basic needs for work environment hasn't prepared by the government. So its insecure to work in homeland.

7. Political instability and conflict

The unstable political situation has made critical situation for work environment. Nepal Bandas, strikes by different parties, unions, groups has inversely effect the chances of employment in home country.

8. Poverty
9. Lack of basic foundations for working environment
10. Poor law and order

11. Lack of employment opportunities

12. To pay back loans

13. Desire to earn money

14. To become self-reliant

15. Desire to see new places

16. To learn something new

17. To fulfill family expectations

Pulling Factors

1.     Better employment opportunities

2.     Attractive salary

3.     Earning money

4.     Job guarantee

Information from partners working abroad

Microeconomics (2068Q3) How do prices of (i) goods and services, (ii) labour, (iii) capital, (iv) entrepreneurship, and (v) foreign exchange interact with each other? Inter-relate it.

The factors of production such as labour, capital and entrepreneurship resources are inputs to produce output goods and services. The changes on foreign exchange impacts to goods and services, labour, capital and entrepreneurship resources too.

i. Goods and services:

Goods and services are the output of production of any firm. The ideal combination of inputs like as land (fixed input) and variable inputs (labour, capital, entrepreneurship) can product optimum output. So, the efficient production of goods and services are highly dependent of factors of production.

If market prices rise, incentives are created for producers to supply more to the consumers. If prices fall, there are incentives to produce less. Similarly, with consumers, high prices create incentives to buy less, while low prices create incentives to buy more.

ii. Labour:

It is one of an important production factor. Skillful labour are needed to maximize the production. The skills, knowledge and talents of people can be improved or made more productive through education and training. Labour is directed proportional to output as well as cost of production. So, optimum number of labours should used for production.

iii. Capital:

Capital consists of tools, equipment, machines and buildings that producers use to produce something else. High capital leads high production and less need of labours.

iv. Entrepreneurship:

Well combination of entrepreneurship in business improve in high production in low cost.

v. Foreign exchange:

 Besides among factor, foreign exchange also impacts on cost of output and production cost of any goods and services. If native currency is cheaper then cost of production will low and vice versa. Hence if cost of production is lower, then market price of goods and services will also low that means the goods can compete in the global market.

Microeconomics (2068Q2) Q2. On the basis of your understanding why private transporters' syndication/controlling is thriving in Nepal?

Background

Over the last decade, the syndication has emerged as the one of the most problem in domestic transport system affecting the private sectors and consumers. This syndicate lobby is such a powerful that it has knocked down each and every attempts of government to abolish the anti-competitive practices. The private transporters syndicate association has control prices, keep big price margins, have greater authority and claim big piece of the pie in the market. In a free competitive market, syndicates are illegal and lethal (घातक). Moreover, in Nepal, Competition and Market Protection Act 2063 recognizes that syndication as an anti-competitive practice, defining it as illegal and punishable.

Reasons that private transporters syndication / controlling is thriving in Nepal

1.     The government can't forcefully implement our laws and practices upon the private transporters syndication.

2.      The government hasn't any measures to counterpart the syndication of private transporters by transporting petroleum and LP gas by govt. and other party's tanks.

3.     The government can't pierce the powerful nexus of private transporters syndicate and private transporters syndicate is also back supported by some politicians.

Possible efforts to solve syndication:

1.     Government first should make alternative of private transportation of petroleum and LP gas. Then government must present strongly with private transporter to draw them into law and order.

2.     Politician shouldn't look after their personal/organization benefits. They must be aware upon the citizens problem and the national problems.

Consumers and the associations of consumers should alert, aware and consolidate upon these issues and should fight against the syndication by boycotting their petroleum products.