Computer: Differentiate between software verification and validation. Show similarity between software verification and validation.

Software Verification	Software Validation
Are we building the system right?	Are we building the right system?
Verification is the process of evaluating products of a development phase to find out whether they meet the specified requirements.	Validation is the process of evaluating software at the end of the development process to determine whether software meets the customer expectations and requirements.
The objective of Verification is to make sure that the product being develop is as per the requirements and design specifications.	The objective of Validation is to make sure that the product actually meet up the user’s requirements, and check whether the specifications were correct in the first place.
Following activities are involved in Verification: Reviews, Meetings and Inspections.	Following activities are involved in Validation: Testing like black box testing, white box testing, gray box testing etc.
Verification is carried out by QA team to check whether implementation software is as per specification document or not.	Validation is carried out by testing team.
Execution of code is not comes underVerification.	Execution of code is comes under Validation.
Verification process explains whether the outputs are according to inputs or not.	Validation process describes whether the software is accepted by the user or not.
Verification is carried out before the Validation.	Validation activity is carried out just after the Verification.
Following items are evaluated duringVerification: Plans, Requirement Specifications, Design Specifications, Code, Test Cases etc,	Following item is evaluated during Validation: Actual product or Software under test.
Cost of errors caught in Verification is less than errors found in Validation.	Cost of errors caught in Validation is more than errors found in Verification.
It is basically manually checking the of documents and files like requirement specifications etc.	It is basically checking of developed program based on the requirement specifications documents & files.

In case of Software Testing, both Software Verificationa and Software Testing has following similarities:

1. Both verification and validation are essential and balancing to each other.
2. Different error filters are provided by each of them.
3. Both are used to find a defect in different ways, Verification is used to identify the errors in requirement specification and Validation is used to find the defects in the implemented software application.

Computer: Q. Explain the organization structure, its functions and duties of National Information Technology Center (NITC).

National Information Technology center (NITC) was established in the year 2002 in line with IT Policy 2002 as a premier organization of Nepal Government in ICT sector situated in Singhadurbar, Kathmandu. Being an implementing agency for Government of Nepal, NITC acts as a focal point for implementation of government e-Services. Having a data center of its own, it provides a one- stop solution for server co-location for government agencies with its government network as a backbone. Providing e-services (e.g. Business License portal, E-Gatepass system, E- procurement etc.), hosting the government websites, managing mail servers and government’s domain registration service are among the many critical services NITC is responsible for.

NITC focuses on technology enabled applications to bridge digital divide and ultimately to overcome monumental challenges in development of e-Governance. It has vast expertise and experience in the design and development of various e-Government projects. NITC functions as a focal point for development and implementation of e-Governance applications such as National Portal, Groupware, EA, GIDC, NID, PKI, e-Fax, e-Vehicle, e-Drivers License, e-Land, Passport Management, BRAMS, etc to deliver citizen centric services which have laid the foundation and provide the impetus for long-term growth of e-Governance. NITC provides consulting and training services as well to the other government agencies in the field of Information technology. Besides, it helps the agencies to develop and maintain their IT system in compliance with Government Enterprise Architecture (GEA) and Government Interoperability Framework (NeGIF). Finally, NITC aims to make Nepal global IT hub and enhance transparency, accountability, efficiency, and reliability in Government and in delivery of public services.

Organizational Structure of NITC

Board of NITC includes the following  9 members:

1.      Secretary, MoSTE                                     - Chairman

2.      Executive Director, NITC                          - Member Secretary

3.      Joint-Secretary, MoF                                 - Member

4.      Joint-Secretary, NPC                                 - Member

5.      Joint-Secretary, MoIC                               - Member

6.      Representative, FNCCI                              - Member

7.      2 Representative from expert                  - Member

8.      Representative from University               - Member

Functions and Duties of NITC

·         Render Assistance in all kinds of computer related services of Nepal Government.

·         Serve as data depository by collecting all types of data at the national level.

·         Act as data bank of Information and assist in computerization of records in government offices and in developing and expanding contents.

·         Act as a regulator for the healthy development of Information Technology.

Arrange Coding and Standardization methodology required to bring about uniformity in all aspect of Information Technology with through implementation and monitoring of the same.